\u00c1 nor\u00f0ursl\u00f3\u00f0um voru s\u00fatun skinna og saumur me\u00f0al mikilv\u00e6gustu l\u00edfsbjargarkunn\u00e1ttu. Ef kl\u00e6\u00f0i rifna e\u00f0a bila \u00ed \u00edskulda \u00fearf a\u00f0 geta gert vi\u00f0 \u00feau. \u00deekking \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 b\u00faa til vatnsheldar en \u00fe\u00f3 andandi fl\u00edkur \u00e1 s\u00e9r \u00fev\u00ed langa s\u00f6gu. \u00deegar mest k\u00f3lna\u00f0i kl\u00e6ddist f\u00f3lk hl\u00fdjum pelsum. Fatna\u00f0ur \u00far skinnum var sni\u00f0inn \u00feannig a\u00f0 n\u00fdting hr\u00e1efnisins v\u00e6ri sem best og sem minnst f\u00e6ri til spillis. Skinn voru einnig notu\u00f0 \u00ed rei\u00f0tygi og s\u00f6\u00f0la, og fr\u00e6\u00f0imenn notu\u00f0u \u00feau vi\u00f0 b\u00f3kband.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00cdslendingas\u00f6gurnar eru s\u00edgild b\u00f3kmenntaarfur \u00cdslands. \u00de\u00e6r voru rita\u00f0ar \u00e1 12.\u201314. \u00f6ld og segja fr\u00e1 landn\u00e1msm\u00f6nnum og l\u00edfi \u00e1 fyrstu \u00f6ldum bygg\u00f0ar. S\u00f6gurnar hafa \u00f3metanlegt s\u00f6gulegt, menningarlegt og b\u00f3kmenntalegt gildi. Megni\u00f0 af mi\u00f0aldab\u00f3kmenntum \u00cdslands sem var\u00f0veist hafa eru handrit fr\u00e1 13. \u00f6ld og s\u00ed\u00f0ar. \u00dear til \u00f3d\u00fdr papp\u00edr var\u00f0 a\u00f0gengilegur \u00e1 16. \u00f6ld var skinn, svokalla\u00f0 b\u00f3kfell (pergament), eina efni\u00f0 sem henta\u00f0i \u00ed b\u00f3kabl\u00f6\u00f0. Oftast var nota\u00f0 k\u00e1lfskinn en einnig kindaskinn.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
B\u00f3kager\u00f0 var b\u00e6\u00f0i t\u00edmafrek og kostna\u00f0ars\u00f6m. Vi\u00f0 ger\u00f0 Flateyjarb\u00f3kar voru skinn af 113 k\u00e1lfum notu\u00f0 til a\u00f0 b\u00faa til \u00feau 225 bl\u00f6\u00f0 sem b\u00f3kin samanstendur af. \u00cd dag getur veri\u00f0 erfitt a\u00f0 \u00e1tta sig \u00e1 ver\u00f0m\u00e6ti sl\u00edks hr\u00e1efnis. \u00c1 \u00feeim t\u00edma gat ein mj\u00f3lkurk\u00fdr skipt sk\u00f6pum um hvort fj\u00f6lskylda lif\u00f0i veturinn af e\u00f0a svalt. A\u00f0 f\u00f3rna 113 m\u00f6gulegum mj\u00f3lkurk\u00fam til a\u00f0 gera eina b\u00f3k s\u00fdnir hve mikils vir\u00f0i \u00feessar b\u00e6kur voru \u00e1 s\u00ednum t\u00edma.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Saga<\/strong>\n\nIn the Arctic, leather preparation and sewing were essential survival skills. If your clothes break or tear in the icy cold, you have to be able to repair them. Knowledge of how to make waterproof, breathable garments has existed for a very long time. When the weather was coldest, people dressed in warm furs. Fur clothing was tailored to make use of the animal\u2019s skin with a minimum of waste. The skins were also used in riding gear and saddles and were used by scholars in bookbinding.\n\nThe sagas are the Classics of Iceland. Written in the 12th-14th century and telling the stories of the early settlers of Iceland, the sagas are of great historical, cultural and literary value. Most of the medieval Icelandic literature that survives was preserved in the form of manuscripts from the 13th century and later. Until inexpensive paper became available in the 16th century, the only suitable material for the leaves of books was vellum, made from animal skins. Typically, calfskin was used.\n\nThe process of making a book was both time consuming and expensive. For Flateyjarb\u00f3k, the skin of 113 calves was used to create the 225 leaves that make up the book. Today, it can be hard to conceive of the value of that raw material. At the time the volume was created, even a single milk cow might mean the difference between a family surviving or starving to death over the winter. To sacrifice 113 potential milk cows to make one book speaks to the importance and value these books had in this era.<\/pre>\n\n\n\nUppgangur skinni\u00f0na\u00f0arins<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
L\u00edkt og \u00ed \u00f6\u00f0rum atvinnugreinum \u00fer\u00f3a\u00f0ist skinnai\u00f0na\u00f0ur \u00e1 \u00cdslandi \u00far heimilisi\u00f0na\u00f0i yfir \u00ed verksmi\u00f0juframlei\u00f0slu. S\u00fa \u00fer\u00f3un t\u00f3k t\u00edma og m\u00f6rg \u00feeirra fyrirt\u00e6kja sem risu \u00ed kringum aldam\u00f3tin 1900 n\u00e1\u00f0u varla a\u00f0 ver\u00f0a fullm\u00f3ta\u00f0ar verksmi\u00f0jur. \u00deekking \u00e1 s\u00fatun til i\u00f0na\u00f0arframlei\u00f0slu var takm\u00f6rku\u00f0 og \u00fev\u00ed \u00feurfti a\u00f0 senda f\u00f3lk utan \u00e1 19. \u00f6ld til a\u00f0 afla s\u00e9r \u00feekkingar. Starfsf\u00f3lk fr\u00e1 I\u00f0unni lo\u00f0d\u00fdraverksmi\u00f0ju \u00e1 Akureyri f\u00f3r me\u00f0al annars til Noregs og Bretlands, en \u00e1 fj\u00f3r\u00f0a, fimmta og sj\u00f6tta \u00e1ratug 20. aldar var miki\u00f0 samstarf vi\u00f0 fyrirt\u00e6ki\u00f0 Almocalf \u00ed Svenljunga \u00ed Sv\u00ed\u00fej\u00f3\u00f0, sem var \u00ed eigu s\u00e6nska samvinnuf\u00e9lagsins. \u00dear afla\u00f0i f\u00f3lk s\u00e9r \u00feekkingar b\u00e6\u00f0i \u00e1 svi\u00f0i s\u00fatunar og sk\u00f3sm\u00ed\u00f0a. Einnig var t\u00f6luvert samstarf, fr\u00e1 sj\u00f6unda til n\u00edunda \u00e1ratugarins, vi\u00f0 Friitala \u00ed Finnlandi. \u00cdslendingar leitu\u00f0u einnig til \u00de\u00fdskalands, sem \u00e1 fj\u00f3r\u00f0a \u00e1ratugnum var tali\u00f0 vera \u00ed fararbroddi \u00ed s\u00fatunari\u00f0na\u00f0i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Bandar\u00edska fyrirt\u00e6ki\u00f0 Helburn Thompson Company \u00e1tti einnig st\u00f3ran \u00fe\u00e1tt \u00ed \u00fer\u00f3un s\u00fatunar \u00e1 \u00cdslandi. \u00dea\u00f0 var helsti kaupandi \u00edslenskra skinna um 1920, sem skapa\u00f0i t\u00e6kif\u00e6ri fyrir \u00cdslending, \u00deorstein Dav\u00ed\u00f0sson, til a\u00f0 fara til Bandar\u00edkjanna og l\u00e6ra um forvinnslu skinna fyrir s\u00fatun. S\u00fatunarverksmi\u00f0jan sem fyrirt\u00e6ki\u00f0 rak \u00fear var b\u00e6\u00f0i st\u00f3r og mj\u00f6g n\u00fat\u00edmaleg \u00e1 s\u00ednum t\u00edma. G\u00e6ruverksmi\u00f0ja S\u00cdS h\u00f3f starfsemi \u00e1ri\u00f0 1923 undir stj\u00f3rn \u00deorsteins, sem var faglegur framkv\u00e6mdastj\u00f3ri verksmi\u00f0junnar allan rekstrart\u00edmann og verksmi\u00f0justj\u00f3ri I\u00f0unnar til \u00e1rsins 1970.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u00cd upphafi f\u00f3lst starfsemin fyrst og fremst \u00ed s\u00f6ltun skinna til \u00fatflutnings, en framlei\u00f0slan var\u00f0 fj\u00f6lbreyttari me\u00f0 auknum umsvifum \u00ed fata- og sk\u00f3i\u00f0na\u00f0i. Unni\u00f0 var b\u00e6\u00f0i me\u00f0 s\u00fata\u00f0 le\u00f0ur og lo\u00f0s\u00fata\u00f0 sau\u00f0skinn auk st\u00e6rri eininga, og verksmi\u00f0jan s\u00e1 b\u00e6\u00f0i fata- og sk\u00f3verksmi\u00f0ju S\u00cdS fyrir hr\u00e1efni. \u00c1ri\u00f0 1987 lag\u00f0ist fata- og sk\u00f3framlei\u00f0sla af \u00e1 \u00cdslandi og skinn f\u00f3ru \u00ed auknum m\u00e6li til \u00fatflutnings, fyrst h\u00e1lfunnin en s\u00ed\u00f0ar fullunnin. Fullvinnsla \u00e1 mokkaskinni var\u00f0 helsta vinnslan um 1980, en \u00e1 sama t\u00edma var nafni G\u00e6ruverksmi\u00f0junnar breytt \u00ed Skinnai\u00f0na\u00f0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Reksturinn h\u00e9lt \u00e1fram me\u00f0 \u00fdmsum breytingum allt til \u00e1rsins 2005, \u00feegar \u00e1kve\u00f0i\u00f0 var a\u00f0 h\u00e6tta starfsemi. Endanlega var starfseminni loki\u00f0 \u00e1ri\u00f0 2006 og \u00fear me\u00f0 lauk 83 \u00e1ra s\u00f6gu \u00feessa i\u00f0na\u00f0ar \u00e1 Akureyri.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
From Craft to Industry<\/strong>\n\nLike other industries, the hide and skin industry in Iceland developed from the home industry to factory production. This took time, and many of the companies that arose around the turn of the century in 1900 barely made it to the factory level. Knowledge of tanning for production was scarce, so people had to be sent abroad in the 19th century to acquire that knowledge. People went from I\u00f0unn's fur factory in Akureyri to Norway and the United Kingdom, but in the 1940s, 1950s and 1960s there was a lot of communication with the company Almocalf in Svenljunga, which was owned by the Swedish co-operative. There, people acquired knowledge both in connection with tanning and shoemaking. There was also extensive communication, from the sixties to the eighties, with Friitala in Finland. Icelanders visited Germany as well, but in the 1940s the Germans were considered to be at the forefront of tanning industry.\n\nThe American company Helburn Thompson Company was also a big contributor to the tannery industry in Iceland. They were the the main buyer of Icelandic hides around 1920s, which led to opportunity for an Icelander, Thorsteinn Davidsson, to go to America to gain knowledge on the pre-processing of hides before tanning. The tannery run by the American company was both modern and big at the time. G\u00e6ruverksmi\u00f0ja S\u00cdS (S\u00cdS tannery factory) began its operations in 1923 under the management of Thorsteinn, who was the factory's professional manager for all the operation years and I\u00f0unn's factory manager until 1970. \n\nThe tannery factory first engaged in salting hides for export, but the production became more diverse with the increased activity within clothing and footwear industry. Both tanned leather and fur-tanned sheepskin as well as large items were processed, but this processing provided both S\u00cdS clothing and footwear factory with all raw materials. In 1987, clothing and shoemaking ceased in Iceland and hides began to be mostly exported, first processed and later as finished goods. Full processing of suede (mokkaskinn) had become the main processing around 1980, but at the same time the name G\u00e6ruverksmi\u00f0ja had been changed to Skinni\u00f0na\u00f0. The operation continued with at least some changes until 2005 when it was decided to cease operations. The operation of the factory was completed in 2006, ending the 83-year history of this industry in Akureyri.<\/pre>\n\n\n\nSkinnai\u00f0na\u00f0ur \u00e1 t\u00edmam\u00f3tum<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
Fyrir ekki svo m\u00f6rgum \u00e1rum st\u00f6rfu\u00f0u \u00ferj\u00e1r s\u00fatunarverksmi\u00f0jur \u00e1 \u00cdslandi. Allar bjuggu \u00fe\u00e6r yfir mikilli s\u00e9r\u00feekkingu og g\u00f3\u00f0um t\u00e6kjab\u00fana\u00f0i, og \u00feekking \u00e1 \u00feessu svi\u00f0i var \u00fev\u00ed umtalsver\u00f0 h\u00e9r \u00e1 landi. Hluti hennar hefur \u00fe\u00f3 tapast, \u00fev\u00ed \u00e1ri\u00f0 2019 h\u00e6tti s\u00ed\u00f0asta s\u00fatunarverksmi\u00f0jan, Atlantic Leather, a\u00f0 s\u00fata sau\u00f0skinn og einbeitir s\u00e9r n\u00fa eing\u00f6ngu a\u00f0 vinnslu fiskro\u00f0a. Af \u00feeim s\u00f6kum \u00fearf n\u00fa a\u00f0 leita til erlendra verksmi\u00f0ja til a\u00f0 vinna skinnin fyrir marka\u00f0.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n\n\n\n
At a Turning Point<\/strong>\n\nNot too many years ago, three tanning factories were operating in Iceland. All of these factories had a great deal of knowledge and were equipped with good equipment. Knowledge in this field was extensive in this country; but only part of this knowledge remains as in 2019 the last tannery factory, Atlantic leather, quit tanning sheep skin and focus solely on fish skin now. As a result, the hides now have to be processed in factories abroad before reaching the market.<\/pre>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Saga \u00c1 nor\u00f0ursl\u00f3\u00f0um voru s\u00fatun skinna og saumur me\u00f0al mikilv\u00e6gustu l\u00edfsbjargarkunn\u00e1ttu. Ef kl\u00e6\u00f0i rifna e\u00f0a bila \u00ed \u00edskulda \u00fearf a\u00f0 geta gert vi\u00f0 \u00feau. \u00deekking \u00e1 \u00fev\u00ed a\u00f0 b\u00faa til vatnsheldar en \u00fe\u00f3 andandi fl\u00edkur \u00e1 s\u00e9r \u00fev\u00ed langa s\u00f6gu. \u00deegar mest k\u00f3lna\u00f0i kl\u00e6ddist f\u00f3lk hl\u00fdjum pelsum. Fatna\u00f0ur \u00far skinnum var sni\u00f0inn \u00feannig a\u00f0 n\u00fdting … <\/p>\n